An Oxnard man has been sentenced to more than five years in prison for smuggling at least 1,700 reptiles worth more than $739,000 into the U.S. over six years, the U.S. Department of Justice announced Friday.

The animals, including baby crocodiles and Yucatán box turtles, were bought and sold over social media and came from Mexico, Hong Kong and elsewhere, an investigation led by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service revealed.

From January 2016 to February 2022, Perez and co-conspirators brought in wild animals without the permits required by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora — and without declaring them, the Justice Department said.

In August 2022, Jose Manuel Perez pleaded guilty in federal court to one count of smuggling goods into the country and one count of wildlife trafficking.

The animals smuggled from Mexico were advertised on social media, with defendants posting photos and videos of the reptiles being captured in the wild.

People working with Perez would collect the reptiles including Mexican box turtles and Mexican beaded lizards, at from an airport in Ciudad Juárez, then move them by car over the border to El Paso.

According to federal authorities, Perez paid people a “crossing fee” each time they traversed the border. Payment depended on how many animals they trafficked, the size of the package and the level of risk they faced.

Sometimes Perez and another person would traveled to Mexico to buy animals taken from the wild to smuggle into the U.S. Once shipped, they were transported to Perez’s home, in Missouri and then California after he moved there.

When the sentence came down, Perez was already serving nine years for felony possession of firearms. Due to convictions in Ventura County Superior Court for “street terrorism” and assault with a deadly weapon, he is not allowed to have firearms, the department said.

According to the San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance, illegal wildlife trafficking is the second-largest threat to species after habitat loss and the world’s fourth-most-lucrative trafficking industry.

“Illegal wildlife trafficking not only diminishes the populations of targeted wildlife species, it also impacts related species, their interconnected ecosystem, local and global economies, and has the potential to impact the health of people through zoonotic disease transmission,” the alliance says on its website.

Reptiles get caught in the fray. Earlier this month, the Justice Department announced that a Daly City man suspected of purchasing and exporting hundreds of poached turtles from Florida was facing federal wildlife trafficking charges.

The U.S. attorney’s office for the Southern District of California and a section of the Justice Department’s Environment and Natural Resources Division, along with U.S. Customs and Border Protection and Homeland Security Investigations, assisted federal wildlife officials with the investigation into Perez’s dealings. The case was prosecuted in U.S. District Court for the Central District of California.

A sweeping new review of prenatal antidepressant use underscores a finding that has surfaced repeatedly throughout the last decade: While parental depression is strongly linked to child neurodevelopmental disorders, taking antidepressants during pregnancy does not appear to significantly increase a child’s risk of autism.

In an analysis of 37 separate studies covering more than 25 million pregnancies, a research team from the University of Hong Kong found that children born to women who took antidepressants while pregnant were indeed more likely to later be diagnosed with autism or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

But when the researchers took into account confounding factors such as a family history of neurodevelopmental disorders or mothers’ preexisting mental health conditions, the correlation disappeared.

The data showed that children born to women with a history of depression were more likely to be diagnosed with autism or ADHD, regardless of whether their mother took psychiatric medication. Children were also more likely to be diagnosed with autism and ADHD if their fathers took antidepressants during their gestation, even if their mothers did not — an association that suggests a genetic link, not a pharmacological one.

The results were published this month in the journal the Lancet.

“Our findings are consistent with current clinical guidelines, which generally support continuing antidepressant treatment during pregnancy when it is clinically indicated,” said Dr. Wing-Chung Chang, a psychiatry professor at the University of Hong Kong and the paper’s senior author. “Our findings do not provide strong evidence that prenatal antidepressant exposure causes neurodevelopmental disorders.”

The possibility that antidepressant use in pregnancy may play a role in neurodevelopmental conditions has been a source of anxiety for many expectant parents since at least 2015, when a much-publicized Canadian study observed that women who took certain antidepressants later in pregnancy were about twice as likely to have an autistic child than women who did not take the drugs.

Multiple studies since then have also identified a correlation between a woman’s use of antidepressants during pregnancy and her child’s later diagnosis of autism, and to a lesser extent, ADHD.

But ending the analysis there overlooks a crucial distinction, researchers say: the possibility that the association actually is between the neurodevelopmental disorders and depression, not the medication.

Autistic people of all ages are significantly more likely than their neurotypical peers to be diagnosed with mental health conditions such as depression or anxiety. Large-scale population studies have found that autistic adults are up to three times as likely to have depression compared with non-autistic people.

The reasons for mental health symptoms in autistic people are varied and complex, and the challenges of navigating a world designed for a different way of thinking may play an important role. But research has also identified multiple genetic profiles and biological pathways common to autism and mood disorders, and it’s likely that both conditions are at least partially the result of family genetics.

“The mental health of your family tree is in some way statistically associated with your risk of autism,” said Brian K. Lee, a professor of epidemiology and biostatistics at Drexel University.

Neither depression nor autism causes the other. Lee compared their frequent co-occurrence to the pairing of fiery red hair and pale, sunburn-prone skin: two highly heritable traits that can easily occur independently in a given individual, but that often travel together through family trees.

“What the literature has shown us so far is that while there does, at face value, appear to be an association of slightly increased risk of autism in mothers who take antidepressant medications, when you control for the underlying depressive disorder that risk goes away,” said Dr. Kathryn Erickson-Ridout, a senior psychiatrist for the Permanente Medical Group and research scientist with the Kaiser Permanente Division of Research. “This evidence shows us that most likely, the biological pathways that are disrupted in major depression are also important for autism.”

Erickson-Ridout compared the chilling effect of the 2015 Canadian study on psychiatric care for pregnant women with the anxiety around vaccines sparked by Andrew Wakefield’s since-retracted 1998 paper inaccurately linking autism to the mumps, measles and rubella shot.

The Canadian study did not contain major errors as Wakefield’s paper did, though some critics argued at the time that it didn’t sufficiently control for confounding factors such as maternal depression.

But its media coverage often failed to make clear both the low overall risk of autism — 1.2% of babies born to women who took selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors during their second or third trimester were later diagnosed with autism, compared with 0.7% of babies in the general population — or weigh the risk of antidepressant use against the risks of untreated depression.

Its effects persist today. Last year, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration convened a controversial panel on prenatal SSRI use. Nine of the panel’s 10 members were researchers, doctors or psychologists who have previously questioned the drugs’ safety or criticized antidepressant use in general. Among them was Anick Berard, an epidemiologist and lead author of the 2015 Canadian paper.

Suicide is the second-leading cause of maternal mortality in the U.S., with homicide being the first.

Any discussion of the risks of antidepressant medications has to be weighed against the potential harms of abruptly ceasing or refusing to treat a potentially life-threatening mental health condition, said Dr. Katie Unverferth, a reproductive psychiatrist and medical director of UCLA’s Maternal Mental Health Program.

“Pregnancy is such an anxious time at baseline — so many new things are happening, and your body’s changing, and you want to make sure you’re doing the right thing for yourself and your developing baby,” Unverferth said. “This study just provides additional reassuring data.”