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Want to increase your stamina? Work on your cardiorespiratory fitness and endurance!

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Want to increase your stamina? Work on your cardiorespiratory fitness and endurance!

Cardiorespiratory fitness refers to how well your body does while performing a physical task. A healthy diet, weight control and interval training are great ways to improve this.

An increase in stamina, low chances of heart disease and control over high blood pressure are all benefits of cardiorespiratory fitness. Cardiorespiratory fitness, also known as cardiorespiratory endurance, cardiovascular fitness, and cardiovascular endurance, improves oxygen levels in the lungs and heart when we are doing anything that involves physical exertion.

Cardiorespiratory fitness refers to how well your body can perform when you are exercising. If your cardiorespiratory fitness is on point, you can endure long, physical exercise without getting tired. Read on to learn more about cardiorespiratory fitness, the exercises that can help you improve it, as well as the risks involved.

What is cardiorespiratory fitness?

Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) refers to the ability of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems to deliver oxygen during prolonged physical activities. “It is an important sign for overall health and heart function,” explains cardiologist Dr Chirag D.

According to research published in Nutrition in the Prevention and Treatment of Abdominal Obesity, cardiorespiratory fitness can be determined by gender, age and genetics, as well as, the relationship between your health and physical activity. Strong CRF allows you to perform daily activities with more ease, reducing fatigue during tasks like climbing stairs or carrying groceries. It also helps you recover faster from exercise, allowing you to get back to your workout routine sooner.

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What are the various endurance tests for cardiorespiratory fitness?

Your cardiorespiratory fitness can be measured through some tests.

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The Treadmill Stress Test
is when a patient is hooked on to electrodes to measure his heart function while doing an exercise. Image courtesy: Freepik

1. VO2 Max Test

This test measures the maximal uptake of oxygen in a high-intensity exercise. In this exercise, you get on a treadmill or a bike and increase your intensity every few minutes, until you are exhausted. This method is touted to be the most accurate one, states this research, published by the University of Virginia.

2. 6-Minute Walk Test

This test evaluates sub-maximally distance covered within six minutes. This test is low risk and is useful in assessing adults who have love cardiorespiratory fitness, states this study, published in Pulmonology.

3. Treadmill Stress Test

This test monitors heart rate during increasing intensity levels on a treadmill. This test is usually done in a lab, where electrodes are put on the patient’s chest, and these are then connected to an ECG machine. This makes a record of all heart activity, including blood pressure and heart rate, states this study, published by the National Institute of Health.

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What are the causes of low cardiorespiratory fitness?

Various causes are associated with low respiratory fitness levels. Some of these are as follows:

  • Sedentary lifestyle: No regular exercise and sedentary desk jobs can lead to cardiorespiratory fitness levels dropping. No exercise often leads to fatty material in your arteries. This can cause serious problems, including a heart attack. Exercise is beneficial for cardiovascular health, states this study, published in Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine.
  • Chronic diseases: Illnesses like heart attack, diabetic condition, and lung problems can also lead to a drop in cardiorespiratory fitness. This disease can also cause pain and fatigue.
  • Obesity: The burden of excessive body weight on the heart and lungs can lower cardiorespiratory fitness levels. It may also lead to cardiovascular diseases and needs to be worked on at once, reports a study, published in the Journal of Obesity.
  •  Aging: Gradual deterioration of body strength and muscle mass over time. A study, published in the Archives of Internal Medicine, states that cardiorespiratory fitness levels decrease with age.

How can you improve your cardiorespiratory fitness?

There are various ways to work on your cardiorespiratory fitness levels. Here are a few ideas that you can try out.

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1. Regular aerobic exercise

Regular exercise such as walking, running, and cycling improves the performance of both the heart and lungs. A study, published in Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, states that adults should do 150 minutes of moderate-intensity or 60 minutes of vigorous-intensity physical activity per week, as recommended by the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) and the American Heart Association (AHA).

2. Interval training

Endurance can be enhanced through fluctuating intensities between highs and lows. High-intensity interval training is a form of exercise where you have short periods of intense and explosive movements, followed by low-intensity exercise or even rest. This helps control obesity and increase cardiorespiratory fitness levels, states this study, published in Frontiers in Public Health.

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3. Healthy diet

Nutrient-rich foods support overall physical health and energy levels. A study, published in Nutrients, observed the impact of a healthy diet on a group of Korean adults from 19-64 years. The VO2 Max test was used to determine the cardiorespiratory fitness levels. It was seen that adults, in the age group of 19-34 years, reported high CRF levels.

4. Consistency

Regular, sustained effort is crucial for long-term improvements. Make sure that you continue to do the above-mentioned things regularly to see a change.

Cardiorespiratory fitness can be improved by regular exercise. Image courtesy: Freepik

Cardiorespiratory activities

You can try some cardio-respiratory activities that help elevate your breathing and heart rate for an extended period of time, suggests fitness expert and Fit India Ambassador Wanitha Ashok.

  • Brisk walking
  • Running
  • Jogging
  • Cycling
  • Swimming
  • Aerobics
  • Dance
  • Zumba
  • Jumping rope
  • Stair climbing
  • Treadmill
  • Stationary cycling
  • Cross trainer
  • Circuit training
  • High-intensity interval training (HIIT)
  • Kickboxing

What to keep in mind while doing CRF exercises?

Make sure to keep these things in mind when you practice cardiorespiratory fitness:

  • One should start slow and gradually build the workout in terms of duration and intensity.
  • You should not push yourself and listen to your body.
  • Hydration before, during and after the cardio respiratory exercises is advised to replace the list water in the form of sweat and to prevent giddiness and nausea.
  • It’s not advisable to do cardio respiratory exercises in the hot Sun, the best time to workout is early morning or evenings. In cold temperatures it’s advisable to be dressed in layers.

What are the risk factors related to cardiorespiratory fitness?

Low cardiorespiratory fitness, linked to an inactive lifestyle, weakens your body’s ability to use oxygen during exercise. Age, genetics, and certain medical conditions can also contribute. Additionally, high lipid values, high blood pressure, higher heart rates, higher waist circumference and higher body fat percentages can affect cardiorespiratory fitness levels, states this study, published in Scientific Reports.

Regular physical activity is key to improving your CRF. Even small increases in activity can significantly benefit your heart, lungs, and overall health.

 

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Building the No Neck Army: The Army’s Holistic Health and Fitness Program – Modern War Institute

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Building the No Neck Army: The Army’s Holistic Health and Fitness Program – Modern War Institute

Editor’s note: This article is the seventh in an eight-part series led by retired General James Mingus, the thirty-ninth vice chief of staff of the Army, on transforming the Army to meet the challenges of tomorrow’s battlefield. You can read other articles in the series here.


The battlefield in America’s next war will offer no sanctuary. The war won’t be fought from forward operating bases equipped with elaborate gyms, contractor-provided dining facilities, or coffee shops. The battlefield will be austere, harsh, and unrelentingly violent, with victory only possible by combining physical strength, endurance, and a will to prepare.

The Army’s Holistic Health and Fitness (H2F) program is the bedrock upon which this preparation begins. Winning America’s next war requires an Army that can get to the fight, win the fight, and get home from the fight—a mission profile that demands not just fit soldiers built for endurance, but warrior athletes built for endurance and able to leverage strength, speed, and power, and grounded in sound sleep and nutrition.

Culture Shift Begins with Mindset Shift

For the last several decades, the Army took pride in fielding formations rooted in a physical fitness culture relying heavily on push-ups, sit-ups, and miles of running and ruck marching. Physical training began predictably after saluting the flag at 0630 and ended promptly when the basic exercises, calisthenics, and formation run were complete. It was one-dimensional, unimaginative, boring, and, ironically, lazy. Army fitness during this period was solely focused on physical endurance.

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In the early 2000s, however, Army fitness began to change, led by special operations units like the 75th Ranger Regiment, which began experimenting with trending fitness regimens like Gym Jones, CrossFit, and Mountain Athlete. By combining emerging principles from several of these programs, special operations units began designing their own programs, such as the Ranger Athlete Warrior program. The rest of the active Army quickly started to model these programs, and the first H2F pilot kicked off in 2018.

Advances in exercise science and twenty years of war helped reframe the Army’s fitness mindset to encompass mental, physical, nutritional, and sleep dimensions. This mindset shift forms the basis of the H2F culture, changing how we train and care for soldiers. The focus is now on building strength and resilience like professional athletes—or more fittingly, warrior athletes. Where mission endurance was the goal before, tactical athleticism is now the goal, with an emphasis on strength, speed, power, and agility.

You Can’t Fake Results

A key part of any fitness program is the ability to measure its effectiveness, and in only a few short years, the return on investment for the H2F program has been profound. Currently sixty-six brigades have an H2F performance team, which consists of twenty-two professionals: a program director, dietitian, physical therapist, and occupational therapist; seven strength and conditioning coaches; four athletic trainers; one cognitive performance specialist; and six military personnel. By 2029, the program will expand to cover the entire active Army, as well as four states of Army National Guard and two Army Reserve commands.

According to analysis from the US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, if H2F had been implemented across the entire Army, over a five-year period it would have added 1,080 deployable soldiers to the fighting force. If that’s not compelling enough, also consider these complementary H2F data points compiled by the Center for Initial Military Training Research and Analysis team after analyzing data from 2019 to 2023:

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  • 61 percent decrease in musculoskeletal injury referrals
  • 44 percent decrease in behavioral health profiles
  • 79 percent decrease in substance abuse cases
  • 22 percent decrease in fitness test failures
  • 33 percent increase in expert rifle marksmanship qualification

Expanding the Tools

As part of continuous transformation, the Army is looking for unique ways to leverage technology to enhance the H2F program. Several units are experimenting with wearables like rings and watches that measure sleep efficiency, heart rate variability, and blood oxygen saturation—providing rich data to inform approaches to physical, nutritional, and sleep aspects of fitness. Today, entire Army divisions are turning physiological data into leader decision-making information. A company commander who knows his or her soldiers’ sleep scores, for example, is equipped with data to combine with other information to help select the most well-rested platoon to lead a dangerous mission. Individual soldiers will also learn the correlations that exist between their fueling, recovery, and performance habits, which will help in multiple facets of their personal lives.

The Army is also continually working to improve facilities and services that support H2F. Most units now have access to twenty-four-hour functional fitness gyms on post and many units utilize fitness containers—effectively, gyms in a box. Plans are also in place to build additional facilities to ensure soldiers at every post have adequate equipment to train. To improve nutrition, the Army is experimenting with campus-style dining facilities that will supplement, and in some cases replace, traditional dining facilities—affording soldiers a myriad of quick, 24/7 accessible healthy food options. A no excuse not to work out and no excuse not to eat healthy mentality now abounds across the Army.

Soldiering has no offseason and no time-outs, and wars wait on no one. When America calls, the Army responds. Unlike professional athletes who can vary training volume, intensity, and specific exercises over planned cycles or offseasons, a practice known as performance periodization, soldiers have no such luxury. Tactical athleticism via compound periodization is the goal for soldiers—ensuring peak performance at all times by developing key physical attributes (e.g., strength, endurance, and power) year-round to maximize efficiency, prevent burnout, and improve overall warfighting readiness. The H2F tools highlighted above aid in measuring and maximizing this readiness.

What’s Next?

Imagine two Army squads ascending Colorado’s Pikes Peak carrying fifty-pound fighting loads. Squad A trained to get to the top through push-ups, sit-ups, and miles of running. The soldiers of Squad B are warrior athletes who took the H2F approach. When Squad A’s soldiers finally struggle to the top, they’re just happy to be mission complete and they flop on the ground. The soldiers of Squad B assault the mountain, and when they get to the top, they still have enough juice to rip the arms off their adversaries and steamroll into the next mission. In their post-hike squad photo, they’re all standing tall—straight backs, satisfied smiles, and trap muscles extending inches above their shoulders so they almost appear to have no necks. For them the mission is just getting started, and their smirks seem to say, “Is that it? What’s next?”

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Welcome to the No Neck Army.

Retired General James Mingus served as the thirty-ninth vice chief of staff of the Army.

Colonel Graham White is an infantry officer and the executive officer to the vice chief of staff of the Army.

The views expressed are those of the authors and do not reflect the official position of the United States Military Academy, Department of the Army, or Department of Defense.

Image credit: KCpl. GeonWoo Park, US Army

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Home Gym Supplies Squat Rack Cage Package Released to Market for Exercise Lovers by Strongway Gym Supplies

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Home Gym Supplies Squat Rack Cage Package Released to Market for Exercise Lovers by Strongway Gym Supplies

Coventry, UK – March 02, 2026 – PRESSADVANTAGE –

Strongway Gym Supplies has released squat rack cage packages to the market for exercise enthusiasts across the United Kingdom. The packages combine squat cage frames with safety features suited to home-based strength training, now available through the company’s online platform.

The power cage design centres on four vertical posts connected by horizontal crossbeams. Adjustable safety bars mount between the posts at various heights, catching the barbell if a lift cannot be completed. This safety mechanism becomes relevant during heavy squats or bench presses performed without a training partner present to assist with failed attempts.

J-hooks secure the barbell at the proper beginning positions for various exercises by fastening to the posts at predetermined heights. Quick adjustments between squats, presses, and other barbell movements are made possible by the hooks’ ability to slide up or down the posts and lock into position using pin mechanisms. Depending on the exercise being done, pull-up bars that extend across the top of the frame provide grip positions that vary from wide to narrow.

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Mandip Walia, Co-Director at Strongway Gym Supplies, said the cage addresses concerns people have about training alone at home. “Without someone there to spot, there’s always the question of what happens if the weight gets too heavy midway through a set,” he noted. “The safety bars remove that worry. Position them correctly and they’ll catch the bar before it pins someone. That makes a genuine difference in how hard someone can train when working solo, especially on exercises like squats where bail-out options are limited.”

Steel tubing forms the frame structure, with powder-coated finishes applied to resist corrosion in garage environments where humidity fluctuates. Bolt-together construction allows the cage to be disassembled if relocation becomes necessary, though the assembled weight often exceeds 100 kilograms once all components are secured together.

Weight storage pegs project from the rear posts on most models, keeping plates within reach whilst adding mass that stabilises the frame during use. The pegs typically accommodate enough plates to load a barbell for intermediate to advanced training sessions without running out of storage capacity.

The complete range of home fitness equipment, include squat racks, is available to be explored at: https://strongway.co.uk/collections/home-fitness.

The cages fit into garages, spare rooms, and basement areas commonly found in UK residential properties. Height clearance sits around 210 centimetres for most models, working under standard ceiling heights but potentially tight in older homes or loft conversions where ceilings run lower. Floor space requirements roughly match that of a small garden shed once the cage stands fully assembled.

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The width of the frame includes the length of the Olympic barbell and the space needed to safely enter and exit during exercises. If the dimensions are too narrow, the posts get in the way of natural movement patterns. If they are too wide, they take up too much floor space. Most manufacturers try to find a balance between these factors, but the exact measurements vary from model to model.

Band pegs feature on some cages, providing anchor points at floor level for resistance bands. This allows accommodating resistance during squats and presses, where band tension increases as the bar rises through the movement. The technique has found followers among strength training practitioners, though it remains less widespread than traditional plate loading.

Full details about the squat rack power cage can be viewed at: https://strongway.co.uk/products/strongway-multi-gym-squat-rack-power-cage.

Randeep Walia, Co-Director at Strongway Gym Supplies, remarked that cage packages align with how people actually approach home training. “Training at home has proven effective for improving muscle strength, endurance, and power when maintained consistently,” he explained. “Frequency matters more than location. Training more than three times weekly produces better outcomes, and having a cage at home eliminates the travel time and scheduling constraints that often interrupt consistency. The cage becomes the foundation. Everything else—bench, bar, plates—gets arranged around it.”

Dispatch runs across mainland UK addresses with timelines confirmed during checkout. The cages arrive in multiple boxes given the size and weight of individual components. Instructions guide assembly, though managing the heavier frame sections works considerably better with two people rather than attempting solo construction.

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Packages can be purchased as cage-only units or complete setups that include benches, barbells, and weight plates. Pricing reflects the total equipment included, with buyers selecting options based on what they already own versus what needs acquiring.

The release tracks with patterns observed in the UK home fitness market where demand for core strength training equipment holds steady. Power cages appeal to users seeking barbell training capabilities with built-in safety features, particularly relevant for individuals training without supervision or access to spotters during heavier lifting sessions.

Those interested in exploring the range of exercise equipment available at Strongway Gym Supplies can visit: https://strongway.co.uk/.

###

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For more information about Strongway Gym Supplies, contact the company here:

Strongway Gym Supplies
Mandip Walia
+44-800-001-6093
sales@strongway.co.uk
Strongway Gym Supplies, 26 The Pavilion, Coventry CV3 1QP, United Kingdom

Information contained on this page is provided by an independent third-party content provider. XPRMedia and this Site make no warranties or representations in connection therewith. If you are affiliated with this page and would like it removed please contact pressreleases@xpr.media

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At 72, Oprah swears by this specific move for full-body strength – here’s why it’s so effective

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At 72, Oprah swears by this specific move for full-body strength – here’s why it’s so effective

Oprah Winfrey, 72, has been vocal about her weight loss journey in recent years, revealing that maintaining fitness, particularly through strength training, has been crucial while using GLP-1s. Such is her love for these newfound fitness habits that she even did a 72-minute workout to celebrate her 72nd birthday earlier this year.

Now, the talk show host has taken to Instagram to share with her followers a specific strength move that has quickly become a staple in her routine: kettlebell swings.

Why are kettlebell swings effective?

‘Kettlebell swings are one of the most efficient movements because they combine strength, power and cardiovascular conditioning in one exercise,’ says Alice Jordan, a women’s strength and hormone health coach. ‘They target the posterior chain – glutes, hamstrings and lower back – which is especially important for women as we age, helping to improve posture, reduce back pain and support metabolism.’

Jordan adds that kettlebell swings ‘also elevate the heart rate quickly, making them ideal for busy women who want maximum results in minimal time,’ and that when incorporated into your routine correctly, they ‘can improve fat loss, core stability and overall functional strength, which carries over into everyday movement and injury prevention.’

Another key benefit that makes kettlebell swings such an effective movement for women as they age? ‘They help build explosive strength and bone density – both crucial for women during and after menopause.’

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How to do kettlebell swings

It’s important to take the time to properly learn the right technique – as Oprah said she did. Alongside the video she posted on Instagram of her performing the exercise, Oprah wrote ‘I first saw other people doing kettlebell swings so skillfully that I didn’t attempt them for at least a year! Now Trainer Peter is always right by my side to course correct me so I’m doing them right – and I think I finally got the swing of them.’

Explaining how to do kettlebell swings, Jordan says that ‘the movement should come from the hips, not the lower back or shoulders. Think about pushing your hips back, keeping your spine neutral, and then powerfully driving the hips forward. This helps target the glutes and reduces the risk of injury.’

When it comes to ensuring that you choose the right weight, Jordan adds that a ‘good starting point for most women is a kettlebell between 6-10kg – but the key is that it should feel challenging enough to drive the hips forward without using the arms.’

‘If you can easily lift it with your shoulders, it’s usually too light. Many beginners actually benefit from going slightly heavier so they learn proper hip hinge mechanics,’ she flags.

How often to do kettlebell swings

So, how often should you do the move per week? ‘For beginners, I’d typically recommend starting with 2-3 sets of 10-15 reps, focusing on good technique and plenty of rest between sets,’ says Jordan. ‘The priority early on is learning the hip hinge and building confidence with the movement, rather than pushing volume too quickly.’

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Doing this 2-3 times per week works well for most beginners, she adds, as it ‘allows enough time to recover while still building strength, power and cardiovascular fitness.’ When your technique and fitness improve, you ‘can gradually increase either the number of sets or include swings as part of full-body workouts.’

‘It’s also helpful for beginners to keep sessions relatively short and stop before fatigue affects form, as this reduces the risk of injury and helps reinforce good movement patterns.’

Common mistakes to avoid

Jordan says common mistakes to avoid include:

  • Turning the swing into a squat rather than a hinge
  • Lifting the kettlebell with the arms instead of letting momentum and hip power do the work
  • Rounding the back and going too heavy too quickly

It really is important to be patient and take some time to get your form exactly right – as it will mean you’ll get the most out of the exercise in the long run.


Headshot of Hannah Bradfield

Hannah Bradfield is a Senior Health and Fitness Writer for Women’s Health UK. An NCTJ-accredited journalist, Hannah graduated from Loughborough University with a BA in English and Sport Science and an MA in Media and Cultural Analysis.  She has been covering sports, health and fitness for the last five years and has created content for outlets including BBC Sport, BBC Sounds, Runner’s World and Stylist. She especially enjoys interviewing those working within the community to improve access to sport, exercise and wellness. Hannah is a 2024 John Schofield Trust Fellow and was also named a 2022 Rising Star in Journalism by The Printing Charity.  A keen runner, Hannah was firmly a sprinter growing up (also dabbling in long jump) but has since transitioned to longer-distance running. While 10K is her favoured race distance, she loves running or volunteering at parkrun every Saturday, followed, of course, by pastries. She’s always looking for fun new runs and races to do and brunch spots to try.

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