MADRID — Confronted with a newly aggressive Russia, NATO leaders on Wednesday outlined a muscular new imaginative and prescient that names Moscow because the army alliance’s main adversary but in addition, for the primary time, declares China to be a strategic “problem.”

It was a basic shift for an alliance that was born within the Chilly Battle however got here to view a post-Soviet Russia as a possible ally, and didn’t deal with China in any respect.

However that was earlier than Feb. 24, when Russian forces poured throughout the border into Ukraine, and Chinese language leaders pointedly didn’t be a part of within the international condemnation that adopted.

“The deepening strategic partnership between the Individuals’s Republic of China and the Russian Federation and their mutually reinforcing makes an attempt to undercut the rules-based worldwide order run counter to our values and pursuits,” NATO leaders stated in a brand new mission assertion issued throughout their summit in Madrid.

The announcement got here on a day when a prime U.S. intelligence official stated victory in Ukraine was not but in Russia’s grasp, the 2 sides stated that they had exchanged greater than 200 prisoners of battle, and a Ukrainian official stated, “There are battles in every single place.”

In a flurry of steps on the summit in Madrid, which ends Thursday, President Biden and different NATO leaders sought to answer President Vladimir V. Putin’s resurgent and bellicose Russia. Simply earlier than publishing the mission assertion, they prolonged formal membership invites to the until-now nonaligned Nordic nations Finland and Sweden, paving the best way for NATO’s most vital enlargement in additional than a decade.

“In a second when Putin has shattered peace in Europe and attacked the very tenets of the rules-based order, america and our allies — we’re going to step up,” Mr. Biden stated. “We’re stepping up.”

The secretary-general of NATO, Jens Stoltenberg, introduced that 1000’s of recent troops could be deployed in eight nations on NATO’s japanese flank. And Mr. Biden stated that Washington would deploy an Military garrison headquarters and a discipline assist battalion in Poland, the primary U.S. forces completely situated on NATO’s japanese flank.

China provided a cold response to the brand new NATO strikes.

“We oppose sure components clamoring for NATO’s involvement in Asia Pacific, or an Asia Pacific model of NATO based mostly on army alliance,” stated China’s ambassador to the United Nations, Zhang Jun. “The outdated Chilly Battle script should not be reenacted in Asia Pacific. The turmoil in components of the world should not be allowed in Asia Pacific.”

For his half, Mr. Putin saved his consideration in Central Asia, the place has been visiting to shore up assist for Moscow — all of the extra vital now that the West has moved to make Russia a pariah nation.

In an apparently calculated little bit of Kremlin counterprogramming, the Russian president attended a summit of his personal: a gathering in Turkmenistan of the 5 nations bordering the Caspian Sea. He flew to Turkmenistan early Wednesday from Tajikistan, on the second leg of a two-day journey that took him out of Russia for the primary time because the Ukraine battle started in February. It was additionally his first in a single day international journey because the pandemic started.

In a short speech to the opposite leaders on the summit, together with the presidents of Kazakhstan, Iran and Azerbaijan, Mr. Putin spoke of commerce, tourism, fisheries and environmental points, although he stated not a phrase about NATO or Ukraine.

However later within the day, assembly with reporters after the summit was over, Mr. Putin scoffed on the significance of Finland and Sweden becoming a member of NATO — all of the whereas issuing a warning.

“If army contingents and infrastructure are deployed there,” he stated, “we must reply in type and create the identical threats in opposition to the territories from which threats are created in opposition to us,” Mr. Putin stated. “It’s apparent. What, don’t they perceive?”

Ukrainian leaders praised the NATO information.

“We welcome a cleareyed stance on Russia, in addition to accession for Finland and Sweden,” Ukraine’s international minister, Dmytro Kuleba, stated on Twitter. “An equally sturdy and energetic place on Ukraine will assist to guard the Euro-Atlantic safety and stability.”

But it surely was removed from clear that the developments this week might assist Ukraine flip the tide in a battle during which its forces stay badly outnumbered and outgunned. Mr. Putin has appeared unmoved by international condemnations and sanctions as his forces use their superior artillery to bombard Ukrainian cities into submission.

On Wednesday, Ukrainian and Western officers stated Moscow was dispatching 1000’s extra troopers and heavy weapons to japanese Ukraine because it struggles to put declare to the final patch of sovereign Ukrainian territory within the japanese Luhansk Province.

“There are battles in every single place,” stated Serhiy Haidai, head of the Luhansk regional army administration. “In all places the enemy is making an attempt to interrupt by the road of protection. They’re making an attempt to destroy all settlements, to later enter solely the territory, not the settlement.”

He stated the Russians had been utilizing rocket-propelled grenade launchers, artillery, mortars, tanks, bombers and long-range missiles to clear the land of life so their infantry might advance.

The scorched-earth techniques have enabled the Russians to creep ever nearer to Ukrainian positions throughout the metropolis of Lysychansk in Luhansk Province, a part of Moscow’s drive to say all of japanese Ukraine’s Donbas area. However even with the exceptional expenditure of ammunition, positive factors have been gradual.

Russian officers have dismissed claims of atrocities in opposition to civilians in Ukraine, insisting that they’re limiting their assaults to reliable army targets.

However throughout the nation, civilian deaths are growing daily in smaller-scale assaults that declare handfuls of lives at a time. Even in cities and cities away from the battle’s fiercest preventing, civilian casualties have steadily ticked upward.

“They may be going for army constructions, however they’re principally hitting civilian infrastructure,” Vitaly Kim, the governor of the Mykolaiv area of southern Ukraine, stated at a information briefing Wednesday. “I believe they’re making an attempt to frighten the native inhabitants and demoralize our army.”

In her first public replace in additional than a month, the Biden administration’s director of nationwide intelligence, Avril D. Haines, stated Wednesday that Mr. Putin appeared to nonetheless be aiming to take most of Ukraine, however that within the quick time period a breakthrough by Russian forces within the nation’s east remained unlikely. The consensus in American intelligence companies is that the battle is prone to go on for an prolonged time, Ms. Haines stated.

With no signal {that a} cease-fire could also be shut, Ukraine introduced the biggest trade of prisoners of battle since Russia launched its invasion, amongst them dozens of Ukrainian troopers who defended in opposition to the Russian siege of Mariupol, the southern port metropolis that turned an emblem of Ukrainian defiance.

Whereas the trade was shrouded in secrecy, Denis Pushilin, the pinnacle of Russian-backed separatist forces within the Donetsk space of Donbas, stated that 144 Russian and proxy forces had been returned in trade for 144 Ukrainians.

The growth of NATO got here after protracted negotiations with Turkey, a member of the alliance that had raised objections. Though it was nonetheless unclear Wednesday precisely what had persuaded Turkey’s president, Recep Tayyip Erdogan, to change his stance, clues emerged. Some concerned Turkey’s considerations about Kurdish separatists.

Ann Linde, the Swedish international minister, stated that Sweden and Finland had formally agreed to not lend assist to Kurdish or different organizations that would hurt Turkey’s safety, whether or not with weapons or different assist.

“We don’t try this right this moment both, however now it’s explicitly written,” Ms. Linde advised Swedish Radio. She stated her nation would proceed to supply humanitarian assist to Kurds and others in northeastern Syria.

Each Sweden and Finland can even elevate a casual arms embargo on Turkey imposed in 2019 after Turkey had intervened in northern Syria. As new members of NATO, Ms. Linde stated, each nations would have “new commitments vis-à-vis allies, and this is applicable to Turkey as properly.”

And america on Wednesday signaled a brand new willingness to promote upgraded F-16 fighter jets to Turkey, shifting nearer to satisfying the ally’s longstanding request.

American officers insisted the change was unrelated to the NATO growth.

Reporting was contributed by Anton Troianovski from Paris; Michael Schwirtz from Athens; Ivan Nechepurenko from Tbilisi, Georgia; Megan Specia from Lviv, Ukraine; Julian E. Barnes from Washington; and Marc Santora from Warsaw.