KYIV, Ukraine — In Ukraine’s capital, Kyiv, amid the lethal rumble of heavy Russian artillery, there may be a lot that feels acquainted. Not least a horrible feeling of dread.

Almost 30 years in the past I used to be in Grozny, the capital of Chechnya, a territory in southern Russia that dared declare independence from Moscow because the Soviet Union was breaking up. The Chechens paid closely for his or her presumption. The Russian military twice invaded and twice flattened town in what has turn into a well-known Russian playbook for imposing management over outlying areas of the previous Russian empire and bludgeoning folks into submission.

Ukraine may be very totally different from Chechnya, which was a small territory of only one million folks within the North Caucasus. Ukraine is a sovereign nation with a inhabitants of greater than 40 million, an armed pressure of over 200,000 troops, and a capital metropolis of three million or extra inhabitants.

However Chechnya’s expertise is value recalling because it was the primary time we noticed Vladimir V. Putin develop his recreation plan to reassert Russian dominion wherever he wished. His strategies are brute pressure and terror: the bombing and besieging of cities, deliberate focusing on of civilians, and the kidnapping and jailing of native leaders and journalists and their alternative by loyal quislings. The ways are straight out of Stalin’s playbook, as former Secretary of State Madeleine Okay. Albright wrote shortly earlier than her dying.

The conflict in Chechnya started with a surprising show of Russian incompetence. On New Yr’s Eve in 1994, Russian troops have been despatched blundering into Grozny. Largely composed of conscript troopers who have been blind to what to anticipate, the pressure drove lengthy columns of tanks and armor into town in what was supposed to be a swift overthrow of the Chechen management.

They have been met by extremely motivated models of Chechen fighters, armed with anti-tank rockets, who ambushed their columns, trapping and burning a whole bunch of Russian troopers and armor in a single evening. A whole brigade, the Maikop brigade, was worn out virtually to a person.

There was a shocked silence in Russia within the days that adopted because the management took inventory of what had occurred and the military despatched in reinforcements. The Chechens celebrated their victory and let their prisoners phone their moms again dwelling, calling on Moscow to withdraw its troops. However the lull didn’t final.

The Russian military moved to flank Grozny on three sides and unleashed a terrifying onslaught of air and artillery strikes on town. Their forces smashed the leafy suburbs, the economic parks after which residential districts, block by block, transferring in on the bottom little by little as they pressured the Chechen fighters to retreat underneath overwhelming bombardment.

I noticed it shut up from either side, reporting from behind Russian strains as their large weapons pounded town, and operating the gamut of bombs and shells to succeed in the bunkers the place the civilian inhabitants lived underneath siege. A contemporary, European metropolis grew to become a ravaged moonscape. I keep in mind how buildings have been shorn in half, and the contents of individuals’s lives spilled out of their flats into the open air.

The Chechen fighters have been ubiquitous, racing in civilian automobiles to the frontline, operating by again streets and destroyed buildings. They grew to become grasp city guerrillas and held out for weeks towards overwhelming odds. That they had widespread help from the civilian inhabitants, which was angered by Moscow’s use of brute pressure. A Muslim folks, the Chechens had suffered oppression and deportation underneath Stalin and had an extended historical past of resistance to Russian rule.

When the Russians discovered a very obstinate protection, they’d drop deadly cluster bombs that minimize by anybody or any autos on the streets, whether or not combatants or pensioners making an attempt to gather water or fleeing civilians.

After three months Russian forces took town middle and troopers sat on plastic chairs guarding a wasteland of destroyed buildings, gouged earth and stricken tree stumps. The battle moved to the southern suburbs, the place Russian forces destroyed the final resistance with bunker-busting bombs, which crashed by eight-story buildings proper into basements stuffed with civilians, and fuel-air bombs, which exploded above the rooftops and unfold a strong shock wave.

There was a lot within the expertise that echoes in Ukraine at present. Although almost 30 years have intervened, it’s staggering to see Russia make use of lots of the similar ways — and errors — in Ukraine. Regardless of the arduous classes realized in Chechnya, and in Afghanistan earlier than that, Russian troops drove down the primary highways with their tanks and gas vehicles in an try to seize management of the Ukrainian capital within the first weeks of March.

Ukrainian troops have been ready and mounted repeated ambushes. They destroyed tanks and armored autos, creating such a pileup that they blocked the Russian advance. Scores of Russian troopers have been killed and brought prisoner. Survivors have been pressured to flee into the encompassing woods. Different tank columns have been destroyed on the jap approaches to Kyiv.

There adopted one thing of a lull. The town breathed once more. Just a few cafes even reopened.

Now, within the second month of the conflict, Ukrainian officers say the Russians have turned their focus away from an assault on the capital for now. However Western analysts warn that Kyiv stays very a lot a goal, and we’re already witnessing horrific bombardment of different cities across the nation.

Whilst many Russian forces have pulled again from Kyiv to regroup, others have already unfold out and begun flanking town. Among the many miles-long Russian armored column that had superior on the capital, navy analysts recognized a number of rockets launchers, heavy artillery and even fuel-air weapons. Heavy preventing is unrelenting in a number of northern suburbs and town has come underneath virtually nightly, and extra lately day by day, cruise missile and artillery strikes.

Twice within the final two weeks the mayor of Kyiv, Vitali Klitschko, has ordered a 36-hour-long curfew, ordering all civilians to remain indoors for 2 nights and a day as navy commanders warned of mounting hazard.

“Please keep at dwelling, will probably be rather more protected,” Mr. Klitschko pleaded final week at an open air information convention as air raid sirens sounded throughout town. A former world heavyweight boxing champion, he tried to organize his shocked folks for an prolonged battle.

“We can not give a solution of how lengthy might be this conflict,” he stated. “We hope it’s weeks. I hope not years.”

Whilst Kyiv braces for the worst, Russian forces have been pounding Ukraine’s second largest metropolis, Kharkiv; the port metropolis of Mariupol; the southern metropolis of Mykolaiv; and the northern city of Chernihiv. Thwarted from seizing them within the first days of the conflict, the Russian navy has pounded them from afar, steadily demolishing infrastructure and buildings, together with hospitals, bomb shelters and faculties, even whereas hundreds of civilians are trapped inside.

“They’re an artillery military actually,” Samuel Cranny-Evans, an analyst on the Royal United Providers Institute, a British analysis physique, stated of the Russian navy. “Artillery is the primary response to most issues whether or not they’re preventing in a subject, mountains or a metropolis. The results of this, within the latter case, is a flattened metropolis and civilian casualties.”

A Chechen commander, Muslim Cheberloevsky, who fought towards the Russian military in his homeland for greater than a decade, is aware of the Russian strategies solely too effectively. He got here with a few of his fighters to help Ukraine when Mr. Putin moved to annex Crimea in 2014. He’s now commanding a battalion of Chechen volunteers close to Kyiv.

He described the preventing on the outskirts of Kyiv as a recreation of cat-and-mouse: Russian forces inch half a dozen armored autos right into a village, and his fighters, alongside the Ukrainians, attempt to hit them earlier than they dig in. The Russians have been making an attempt to advance, “however their wheels are spinning,” he stated.

He was derisive in regards to the Russian armed forces. “They’ve silly ways from the time of the Russian empire, they haven’t modified,” he stated. “Their most vital tactic is throwing our bodies into the battle. They don’t care about their very own troopers.”

There’s a entire subsequent stage to the Putin playbook, which is well-known to the Chechens. As Russian troops gained management on the bottom in Chechnya, they crushed any additional dissent with arrests and filtration camps and by turning and empowering native protégés and collaborators.

After unleashing horrendous firepower, the decisive blow exerted towards Chechnya was using loyalist Chechens to impose management. Six years into the conflict, Mr. Putin turned the chief mufti of Chechnya to betray the insurgent trigger. The mufti’s son, Ramzan Kadyrov, grew to become Mr. Putin’s chief henchman and has provided Chechen fighters to help Russian forces within the wars in Syria and now Ukraine.

There are already indicators of such strategies in Ukraine: the arrest and disappearance of native officers, detentions and threats towards native journalists and the reported mass evacuation of civilians to Russia.

The strategies utilized by Russian proxies during the last eight years within the separatist districts of jap Ukraine — their inflexible suppression and infamous jail — are pretty much as good a sign as any of the way in which the nation could possibly be run underneath Russian occupation.

A Canadian diplomat and politician, Chris Alexander, who served in Canada’s embassy in Moscow on the peak of the Chechen conflict, warned too of worse to come back.

“The one hazard to Ukrainians at this level are Aleppo/Grozniy-style massed oblique fires,” he wrote to me. “This isn’t over — removed from it.”